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Objective:To investigate whether propofol can cause injury to hippocampal mitochondria in neonatal rats and the regulation of excitatory amino acid receptor AMPA receptor.Methods:Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into control group, propofol group, propofol+AMPA receptor agonist AMPA group (propofol+AMPA group) and propofol+AMPA receptor inhibitor CNQX group (propofol+CNQX group), with 12 rats in each group. The rats in the propofol groups were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg propofol, while in control group with 3 mg/kg normal saline. Each group was given 1/2 of the first dose every 20 minutes after the first administration, three times a day, for three consecutive days. The rats in the propofol+AMPA group and the propofol+CNQX group were injected with 1 g/L AMPA or CNQX 5 μL through left ventricle after the first administration. Three days after administration, the rats were sacrificed to obtain brain tissue. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of AMPA receptor glutamate receptors (GluR1, GluR2) subunit totally (T) and on membrane (M) in hippocampus. The expression of dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP-1) and phosphorylated-DRP-1 (p-DRP-1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) related to mitochondrial fission and fusion were determined. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and ATPase activity were determined.Results:Compared with the control group, GluR1 expression and its M/T ratio were significantly increased after treatment of propofol, GluR2 expression and its M/T ratio were significantly decreased, the ATP content and ATP-related enzyme activity were decreased significantly, while the expression of DRP-1 and its phosphorylation was significantly increased, and the expression of Mfn2 was significantly decreased. The changes indicated that repeated intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg propofol leading to the injury of mitochondria in neural cells. Compared with the propofol group, the GluR1 expression and its M/T ratio further increased after AMPA agonist administration [T-GluR1 protein (T-GluR1/β-actin): 2.41±0.29 vs. 1.72±0.11, M-GluR1 protein (M-GluR1/β-actin): 1.18±0.15 vs. 0.79±0.09, M/T ratio: 0.78±0.12 vs. 0.46±0.08, all P < 0.01], GluR2 expression was significantly increased [T-GluR2 protein (T-GluR2/β-actin): 0.65±0.13 vs. 0.30±0.14, P < 0.01; M-GluR2 protein (M-GluR2/β-actin): 0.17±0.05 vs. 0.13±0.07, P > 0.05], but its M/T ratio was further decreased (0.27±0.10 vs. 0.41±0.08, P < 0.05). The ATP-related enzyme activity was further decreased, and the ATP content was further decreased (μmol/g: 0.32±0.07 vs. 0.70±0.10, P < 0.01). Mitochondria DRP-1 expression and its phosphorylation were further increased [DRP-1 protein (DRP-1/GAPDH): 2.75±0.36 vs. 1.70±0.19, p-DRP-1 protein (p-DRP-1/GAPDH): 0.99±0.14 vs. 0.76±0.15, both P < 0.05], and Mfn2 expression was further decreased (Mfn2/GAPDH: 0.23±0.12 vs. 0.54±0.12, P < 0.05). This indicated that the AMPA agonist increased the expression of the AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit on the cell membrane and shifted the GluR2 into the cell, thus increasing the mitochondrial injury caused by propofol. Compared with the propofol group, the GluR1 expression and its M/T ratio decreased significantly after AMPA inhibitor administration [T-GluR1 protein (T-GluR1/β-actin): 0.99±0.14 vs. 1.72±0.11, M-GluR1 protein (M-GluR1/β-actin): 0.21±0.07 vs. 0.79±0.09, M/T ratio: 0.21±0.07 vs. 0.46±0.08, all P < 0.01], the change of GluR2 expression was not significant, but its M/T ratio was significantly increased (0.59±0.09 vs. 0.41±0.08, P < 0.05). The ATP-related enzyme activity was increased significantly, and the ATP content was increased significantly (μmol/g: 0.87±0.12 vs. 0.70±0.10, P < 0.05). Mitochondria DRP-1 expression and its phosphorylation were significantly decreased [DRP-1 protein (DRP-1/GAPDH): 1.18±0.17 vs. 1.70±0.19, p-DRP-1 protein (p-DRP-1/GAPDH): 0.37±0.10 vs. 0.76±0.10, both P < 0.05], and Mfn2 expression was significantly increased (Mfn2/GAPDH: 0.78±0.10 vs. 0.54±0.12, P < 0.05). This indicated that AMPA inhibitor promoted the movement to the cell membrane of GluR2 subunits meanwhile inhibited the expression of GluR1 subunits, thus alleviating the injury of mitochondrial caused by propofol in the brain. Conclusions:Repeated intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg propofol for 3 days can increase the expression of GluR1 subunits of AMPA receptor in 7-day neonatal rats hippocampus mainly distributing in the cell membrane, decrease the expression of GluR2 subunits moving into the cell, thus causing injury of mitochondrial function and dynamics, which can be aggravated by AMPA receptor agonist and alleviated by AMPA receptor inhibitors.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of gender on anesthetic potency of ciprofol for gastroscopy when combined with fentanyl.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-50 yr, with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m 2, undergoing elective gastroscopy with intravenous anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups according to gender: male group (M group) and female group (F group). After fentanyl 1.5 μg/kg was intravenously injected, ciprofol was given by the Dixon′s up-and-down method, with the initial dose of 0.4 mg/kg followed by dose increment/decrement of 0.04 mg/kg. The ED 50 and 95% confidence interval of ciprofol for gastroscopy anesthesia were calculated by the probit regression analysis. Results:The ED 50 (95% confidence interval) of ciprofol for gastroscopy was 0.33 (0.32-0.34) mg/kg in F group and 0.27 (0.26-0.28) mg/kg in M patients when combined with fentanyl 1.5 μg/kg. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:There is no significant gender difference in the anesthetic potency of ciprofol for gastroscopy (ED 50: female 0.33 mg/kg, male 0.27 mg/kg) when combined with fentanyl (1.5 μg/kg).
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of sleep fragmentation on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and hippocampal glutaminergic metabolism in aged mice anesthetized with isoflurane.Methods:Forty healthy SPF-grade male C57BL/6J mice, aged 18 months, weighing 20-30 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n= 10 each) by the random number table method: normal control group (group C), sleep fragmentation group (group SF), isoflurane anesthesia/surgery group (group I/S), and sleep fragmentation plus isoflurane anesthesia/surgery group (group SF+ I/S). Group C did not received any treatment. Group SF received sleep fragmentation for 24 h. The right carotid artery exposure was performed under isoflurane anesthesia in group I/S. Group SF+ I/S received isoflurane anesthesia/right carotid artery exposure at 24 h after sleep fragmentation. The metabolic levels of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), Glu/Gln complex (Glx), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and their ratio to creatine (Cr) were measured by in vivo 9.4T hydrogen proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 2 h after anaesthesia. Y maze and Morris water maze tests were used to evaluate the cognitive function at 1-7 days after surgery. The mice were sacrificed after the behavioral testing, brain tissues were immediately obtained, and the number of Nissl bodies and density of dendritic spines in the hippocampal CA1 region were measured by Nissl staining and Golgi staining, respectively. Results:Compared with group C, the percentage of exploration time and shuttle times at the novel arm were significantly decreased, the number of crossing the original platform was decreased, the time of stay at the target quadrant was shortened, the ratios of Glu/Cr, Gln/Cr and Glx/Cr in the hippocampal CA1 region were increased, and the ratio of NAA/Cr was decreased, and the number of Nissl bodies and density of dendritic spines were decreased in SF, I/S and SF+ I/S groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group SF and group I/S, the percentage of exploration time and shuttle times at the novel arm were significantly decreased, the number of crossing the original platform was decreased, the time of stay at the target quadrant was shortened, the ratios of Glu/Cr and Glx/Cr in hippocampal CA1 region was increased, the ratio of NAA/Cr was decreased, and the number of Nissl bodies and density of dendritic spines were decreased in group SF+ I/S ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Sleep fragmentation exacerbates POCD in aged mice anesthetized with isoflurane, and the mechanism is related to nerve injury induced by abnormality in hippocampal glutaminergic metabolism excitability.
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Objective:To evaluate the relationship between B-cell lymphoma/adenovirus E1B19 kDa-interacting protein 3-like protein (BNIP3L)/adenovirus E1B-interacting protein and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus of mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).Methods:One hundred and eighty C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=45 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), sham operation group (Sham group), SAE group, and SAE+ BNIP3L agonist carfilzomib group (SC group). The sepsis model was developed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in anesthetized animals. In SC group, carfilzomib 2 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 2 h after CLP. Twenty mice in each group were selected, and the survival at 7 days after operation was recorded. Eight surviving mice in each group were selected at 1 week after CLP for Morris water maze test. The remaining mice were sacrificed at 24 h after surgery, and the hippocampal tissues were harvested for determination of the expression of BNIP3L (by immunofluorescence) and BNIP3L in mitochondrial protein (by Western blot) and for microscopic examination of the morphological structure of mitochondria. The mitochondrial ATP content was measured by fluorescein-fluorescence enzyme luminescence method, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Results:Compared with C and Sham groups, the survival rate was significantly decreased, the escape latency was prolonged, the time of staying at the original platform quadrant was shortened, and the number of crossing the original platform region was decreased, the expression of BNIP3L in the hippocampal mitochondria was down-regulated, the MMP and content of mitochondrial ATP were decreased ( P<0.05), the intensity of fluorescence of BNIP3L in the hippocampus was decreased, and the damage to mitochondrial ultrastructure was marked in SAE group. Compared with SAE group, the survival rate was significantly increased, the escape latency was shortened, the time of staying at the original platform quadrant was prolonged, and the number of crossing the original platform region was increased, the expression of BNIP3L in the hippocampal mitochondria was up-regulated, the MMP and content of mitochondrial ATP were increased ( P<0.05), the intensity of fluorescence of BNIP3L in the hippocampus was decreased, and the damage to mitochondrial ultrastructure was attenuated in SC group. Conclusions:BNIP3L-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved in the mechanism of SAE developed in mice.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of high concentration hydrogen on myocardial injury and expression of mammalian STE20-like protein kinases 1 (Mst1) in septic mice.Methods:One hundred and five clean-grade healthy male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=35 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), sepsis group (group SEP), and sepsis+ high concentration hydrogen group (group SEP+ HCH). The model of sepsis-induced myocardial injury was developed by cecal ligation and perforation in anesthetized mice. In SEP+ HCH group, high concentration hydrogen (66.7%) was inhaled for 1 h starting from 1 and 6 h after the successful preparation of the model. Twenty mice were taken from each group to observe the survival rate at day 7 after operation. Blood samples from the medial canthus were collected after deep anesthesia at 24 h after surgery for determination of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Then the animals were sacrificed, and the heart tissues were taken for examination of the pathological results (with a light microscope) which were scored and for determination of apoptosis in myocardial cells (by TUNEL) and expression of Mst1, dynamic-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in myocardium (by Western blot). Results:Compared with group Sham, the survival rate at 7 days after operation, pathological score, apoptosis index and concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased, Mst1 and Drp1 expression was up-regulated, and Mfn2 expression was down-regulated in group SEP ( P<0.05). Compared with group SEP, the survival rate at 7 days after operation, pathological score, apoptosis index and concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased, Mst1 and Drp1 expression was down-regulated, and Mfn2 expression was up-regulated in group SEP+ HCH ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Inhalation of high-concentration hydrogen can attenuate the myocardial injury in septic mice, and the mechanism may be related to down-regulation of Mst1 expression, improvement in mitochondrial dynamics, and inhibition of apoptosis in myocardial cells.
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Objective:To evaluate the effects of inhalation of high-concentration hydrogen on acute kidney injury (AKI) and mitochondrial dynamics in septic mice.Methods:One hundred and twenty-eight male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), sham operation + hydrogen group (group Sham+ H), sepsis AKI group, and sepsis AKI+ hydrogen group (group S-AKI+ H). A mouse model of sepsis-induced AKI was developed by cecal ligation and puncture in anesthetized animals. In Sham+ H and S-AKI+ H groups, 67% H 2+ 33% O 2 was inhaled for 1 h starting from 1 and 6 h after sham operation or developing the model, respectively. Twenty mice were selected to observe the survival at 7 days after developing the model. At 24 h after developing the model, blood samples were collected for determination of serum BUN and Cr concentrations (by colorimetric analysis), and renal tissues were obtained for determination of the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (by spectrophotometry) and expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) (by Western blot). The damage to the renal tubules was scored after HE staining. Results:Compared with Sham group, the survival rate was significantly decreased, the serum BUN and Cr concentrations, renal tubular damage score and contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 were increased, the activities of SOD and CAT were decreased, the expression of Drp1 was up-regulated, and the expression of Mfn2 was down-regulated in S-AKI group ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in Sham+ H group ( P>0.05). Compared with S-AKI group, the survival rate was significantly increased, the serum BUN and Cr concentrations, renal tubular injury score and contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 were decreased, the activities of SOD and CAT were increased, the expression of Drp1 was down-regulated, and the expression of Mfn2 was up-regulated in S-AKI+ H group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Inhalation of high-concentration hydrogen can alleviate AKI in septic mice, and the mechanism may be related to inhibition of renal mitochondrial fission and promotion of mitochondrial fusion.
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Objective:To evaluate the effects of inhaling high concentration hydrogen on myocardial injury and mitochondrial biogenesis in septic mice.Methods:One hundred and twenty-eight clean-grade healthy male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), sham operation + hydrogen group (group Sham+ H), sepsis group (group Sep), and sepsis+ hydrogen group (group Sep+ H). The sepsis model was developed by cecal ligation and puncture in anesthetized animals. In Sham+ H and Sep+ H groups, 67% H 2 was inhaled for 1 h starting from 1 and 6 h after operation, respectively. Twenty mice in each group were randomly selected to observe the survival conditions at 7 days after operation. Blood samples were taken from the remaining mice at 24 h after operation for determination of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), for examination of the pathological changes of myocardial tissues (by HE staining), and for determination of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (by fluorescence spectrophotometry), ATP content (by luciferase assay), and expression of myocardial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) (by Western blot). Results:Compared with Sham group, the survival rate was significantly decreased, the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, cTnI and CK-MB and pathological score were increased, the MMP and content of ATP in myocardial mitochondria were decreased, and the expression of PGC-1α, NRF2 and TFAM in myocardial tissues was down-regulated in Sep group ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in Sham+ H group ( P>0.05). Compared with group Sep, the survival rate was significantly increased, the serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, cTnI and CK-MB and pathological score were decreased, the MMP and content of ATP in myocardial mitochondria were increased, and the expression of PGC-1α, NRF2 and TFAM in myocardial tissues was up-regulated in group Sep+ H ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Inhaling high concentration hydrogen can attenuate sepsis-induced myocardial injury in mice, and the mechanism may be related to promotion of mitochondrial biosynthesis and improvement in mitochondrial function.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of the autophagy in hydrogen-induced reduction of myocardial injury in septic mice.Methods:A total of 192 clean-grade healthy male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 6 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), sham operation plus hydrogen group (group Sham+ H 2), sepsis group (group S), sepsis plus hydrogen group (group S+ H 2), sepsis plus bafilomycin A1 group (group S+ BafA1) and sepsis plus hydrogen plus bafilomycin A1 group (group S+ H 2+ BafA1). Sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) after anesthesia. The mice inhaled 2% hydrogen for 1 h starting from 1 and 6 h after operation in group Sham+ H 2, group S+ H 2 and group S+ H 2+ BafA1. Bafilomycin A1 1 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 1 h after operation in S+ BafA1 and S+ H 2+ BafA1 groups. Twenty mice in each group were selected to record the 7-day survival rates after operation. Then the mice were sacrificed at 24 h after operation to observe the pathological changes of myocardial tissues which were scored and detect the serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and determine the level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (LC3B) and P62 (by Western blot). LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰratio was calculated. Results:Compared with group Sham, the 7-day survival rate after operation was significantly decreased, the serum cTnI concentrations and pathological scores of myocardial tissues were increased, the expression of P62 was up-regulated ( P<0.05), no significant change was found in LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰratio ( P>0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group Sham+ H 2 ( P>0.05). Compared with group S, the 7-day survival rate after operation was significantly increased, the serum cTnI concentrations and pathological scores of myocardial tissues were decreased, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰratio was increased, and the expression of P62 was down-regulated in group S+ H 2, and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰratio was significantly decreased, and the expression of P62 was up-regulated in group S+ BafA1 ( P<0.05). Compared with group S+ H 2, the 7-day survival rate was significantly decreased, the serum cTnI concentrations and pathological scores of myocardial tissues were increased, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰratio was decreased, and the expression of P62 was up-regulated in group Sham+ H 2 ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which hydrogen alleviates myocardial damage may be related to promoting autophagy in septic mice.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) on mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in hippocampus of mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).Methods:One hundred and twenty-eight male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (Sham group), sham operation plus HRS group (Sham+ HRS group), SAE group and SAE plus HRS group.Sepsis was developed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in anesthetized mice.HRS 10 ml/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 1 and 6 h after CLP in Sham+ HRS and SAE+ HRS groups.Twenty mice were randomly selected from each group to record the 7-day survival after operation.The working memory of the mice was observed by Y-maze test on days 3, 5 and 7 after CLP.The hippocampal tissues were obtained at 24 h after CLP for determination of the content of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (by spectrophotometry), and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) (by Western blot). Results:Compared with group Sham, the postoperative 7-day survival rate was significantly decreased, the time spent in novel arm was shortened, the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 were increased, the activities of SOD and CAT were decreased, the expression of PGC-1α, NRF2 and Tfam was up-regulated, the expression of Drp1 was up-regulated, and the expression of Mfn2 was down-regulated in group SAE ( P<0.05). Compared with group SAE, the postoperative 7-day survival rate was significantly increased, the time spent in novel arm was prolonged, the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 were decreased, the activities of SOD and CAT were increased, the expression of PGC-1α, NRF2 and Tfam was up-regulated, the expression of Drp1 was down-regulated, and the expression of Mfn2 was up-regulated in group SAE+ HRS ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which HRS alleviates SAE may be related to promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis, regulation of dynamics, and reduction of oxidative stress in hippocampus of mice.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of high-concentration hydrogen inhalation on sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) in mice.Methods:Healthy male ICR mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=50 each) using the random number table method: sham operation group (Sham group), SAE group, sham operation plus high-concentration hydrogen group (Sham+ H 2 group), and SAE plus high-concentration hydrogen group (SAE+ H 2 group). SAE model was prepared by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in anesthetized animals.At 1 and 6 h after operation, Sham+ H 2 and SAE+ H 2 groups inhaled the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen (67% hydrogen-33% oxygen) for 1 h, and Sham and SAE groups inhaled the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen (67% nitrogen-33% oxygen) for 1 h. The postoperative 7-day survival rate was recorded.Cognitive function was assessed by Y maze test at days 3, 5 and 7 after operation.The mice were sacrificed at 24 h after operation, and hippocampal tissues were obtained for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region (with a light microscope) and for determination of normal neuron count, contents of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α) and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) (by fluorescence spectrophotometry) and content of mitochondrial ATP (by fluorescein-fluorescent enzyme luminescence method). Results:Compared with Sham group, the 7-day survival rate after operation, percentage of spontaneous alternation at each time point after operation, and the number of normal neurons were significantly decreased, the contents of TNF-ɑ and HMGB1 were increased, and the contents of ATP and MMP were decreased in SAE and SAE+ H 2 groups ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in Sham+ H 2 group ( P>0.05). Compared with SAE group, the 7-day survival rate after operation, percentage of spontaneous alternation at each time point after operation, and the number of normal neurons were significantly increased, the contents of TNF-ɑ and HMGB1 were decreased, and the contents of ATP and MMP were increased in SAE+ H 2 group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:High-concentration hydrogen inhalation can reduce SAE, and the mechanism may be related to reduction of hippocampal inflammatory responses and improvement in mitochondrial function in mice.
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Objective:To identify the key genes for neuropathic pain in rats.Methods:The genomic data of spinal cord tissues of rats (GSE18803) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Database at the American Center for Biotechnology Information to identify differentially expressed genes associated with neuropathic pain, and key genes were obtained by further analysis of the protein-protein interaction networks.Single-cell localization and expression of the key genes were analyzed by the Tabula Muris database.Results:The protein-protein interaction networks identified 10 hub genes, including Tyrobp, Clec4a3, C1qc, Ptprc, Laptm5, Csf1r, C1qa, C1qb, Fcgr3a, Cd53. Cd53, Laptm5 and Ptprc were mainly expressed in macrophages, B cells, NK cells, monocytes and granulocytes. Clec4a3 and Csf1r were mainly expressed in monocytes, Fcgr3a in monocytes and granulocytes, and Tyrobp in macrophages, monocytes, granulocytes, and pluripotent progenitor cells. Conclusions:Ten target genes associated with neuropathic pain are identified using bioinformatics, and their distribution and expression in immune inflammatory cells are obtained through comprehensive analysis.
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Objective:To evaluate the effects of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-derived exosomes on neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R).Methods:HT22 neurons of mice were cultured and divided into 3 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), OGD/R group and OGD/R plus EPC-derived exosome group (OGD/R+ EXO group). Cells in group C were cultured in normal atmosphere.In group OGD/R, the cells were exposed to 94%N 2-1%O 2-5%CO 2 for 6 h in glucose- and serum-free DMEM medium, followed by 24 h restoration of O 2 and glucose in the normal medium.In group OGD/R+ EXO, 20 μg/ml EPC-derived exosomes were added to the culture medium at 24 h before developing the model.EPCs were identified by immunofluorescence staining.Exosomes were identified by Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, and the apoptosis rate was calculated.The expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 was determined by Western blot, and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio was calculated. Results:The cultured cells were EPCs, and EPC-derived exosomes were successfully extracted.Compared with group C, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the content of MDA was increased, the activity of SOD was decreased, the apoptosis rate was increased, the expression of Bax was up-regulated, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated, and the ratio of cleaved-caspase-3/caspase-3 was increased in group OGD/R and group OGD/R+ EXO ( P<0.05). Compared with group OGD/R, the cell viability was significantly increased, the content of MDA was decreased, the activity of SOD was increased, the apoptosis rate was decreased, the expression of Bax was down-regulated, the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated, and the ratio of cleaved-caspase-3/caspase-3 was decreased in group OGD/R+ EXO ( P<0.05). Conclusions:EPC-derived exosomes can reduce OGD/R-induced neuronal injury, which is related to inhibition of oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydrogen on activation of A1 astrocytes in the hippocampus of mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE).Methods:A total of 164 clean-grade healthy male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=41 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), sham operation plus hydrogen group (group Sham+ H 2), group SAE and SAE plus hydrogen group (group SAE+ H 2). The SAE model was established by cecal ligation and perforation.Group Sham+ H 2 and group SAE+ H 2 inhaled 2% hydrogen starting from 1 and 6 h after operation, respectively.Twenty mice in each group were selected to observe the 7-day survival rate after operation.The remaining mice were sacrificed at 12 h after operation, and brain tissues were removed for examination of the pathological changes in hippocampal CA1 region (with a light microscope) and for determination of the apoptosis in neurons (by TUNEL), co-expression of hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and complement C3 (by immunofluorescence staining), expression of A1 astrocyte marker C3 (by Western blot), and contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The abnormal cell ratio and apoptosis rate were calculated.Six mice in each group were selected at 7 days after operation to perform Y-Maze paradigm. Results:Compared with group Sham, the 7-day survival rate after operation was significantly decreased, the abnormal cell ratio and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons were increased, the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 were increased, the expression of C3 was up-regulated, the number of cells coexpressing GFAP and C3 was increased, the exploration time spent in the novel arm in Y-Maze paradigm was shortened, and the preference index was decreased in group SAE ( P<0.05). Compared with group SAE, the 7-day survival rate after operation was significantly increased, the abnormal cell ratio and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons were decreased, the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 were decreased, the expression of C3 was down-regulated, the number of cells coexpressing GFAP and C3 was decreased, the exploration time spent in the novel arm in Y-Maze paradigm was prolonged, and the preference index was increased in group SAE+ H 2 ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in each parameter mentioned above between Sham group and Sham+ H 2 group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which hydrogen improves SAE may be related to inhibiting activation of A1 type astrocytes in mice.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) in dorsal root ganglion in the development of neuropathic pain (NP) in rats.Methods:Thirty-two adult male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 240-260 g, aged 2-3 months, were divided into 4 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), NP group (group S), negative control siRAN group (group N), and NOD2-siRNA group (group R). In N and R groups, 1×10 8 IFU/ml negative control siRNA and NOD2-siRNA 10 μl were intrathecally injected, respectively, once a day for 3 consecutive days.Normal saline 10 μl was intrathecally injected once a day for 3 consecutive days in C and S groups.The model of NP was established using spared nerve injury (SNI) at 2 weeks after intrathecal injection.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured at 1 day before surgery and 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days after SNI.Animals were sacrificed after measuring pain threshold on day 28, and the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of the lumbar segment (L 4-6) were removed for determination of the expression of NOD2 (by Western blot) and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and NOD2 mRNA (using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Results:Compared with group C, MWT was significantly decreased at each time point after SNI, and the expression of NOD2 protein and mRNA and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in DRGs was up-regulated in group NP ( P<0.01). Compared with group NP, MWT was significantly increased at each time point after SNI, and the expression of NOD2 protein and mRNA and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in DRGs was down-regulated in group R ( P<0.01), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group N ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism underlying the development of NP may be related to the up-regulation of NOD2 expression in DRGs, thus further promoting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in rats.
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Objective:To evaluate the relationship between phosphorylation of Tau protein and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) containing 18 kDa fragments and investigate the mechanism of neuronal damage induced by sevoflurane.Methods:Primary neurons (ApoE3 and ApoE2 genotypes, 24 dishes for each genotype) of fetal mice cultured until the 5th day were divided into 4 groups ( n=12 each) using a random number table method: ApoE3 control group (A3C group), ApoE3 sevoflurane group (A3S group), ApoE2 control group (A2C group) and ApoE2 sevoflurane group (A2S group). Neurons were treated with 21% oxygen + 5% carbon dioxide + 4.1% sevoflurane for 4 h in A3S and A2S groups, while the neurons were only treated with 21% oxygen + 5% carbon dioxide in A3C and A2C groups.The cell proteins were then extracted to detect the expression of full-length ApoE and ApoE, AT8 and PHF1 containing 18 kDa fragments (by Western blot), expression of ApoE mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction), and concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the supernatant (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results:Compared with A2C group, the expression of ApoE mRNA and full-length ApoE in neurons was up-regulated ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of AT8 and PHF1 and concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the supernatant in A2S group ( P>0.05). Compared with A3C group, the expression of ApoE mRNA, full-length ApoE, and ApoE, AT8 and PHF1 containing 18 kDa fragments was up-regulated, and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in the supernatant were increased in A3S group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Sevoflurane may promote phosphorylation of Tau proteins and increase inflammatory responses through up-regulating the expression of ApoE containing 18 kDa fragments, thus leading to neuronal damage.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydrogen on lung injury induced by extremity ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in elderly patients.Methods:Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ elderly patients, aged 65-75 yr, with height 155-180 cm, weighing 50-75 kg, undergoing lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table method: hydrogen inhalation group (H group) and control group (C group). In H group, 67% hydrogen-33% oxygen was inhaled through the nasal catheter until the end of surgery starting from the completion of anesthesia.In group C, 33% oxygen was inhaled through the nasal catheter until the end of surgery after the completion of anesthesia.Blood samples from the radial artery were collected before anesthesia and at 60 min after tourniquet deflation.Blood gas analysis was performed to determine and record arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO 2) and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO 2), and alveolar-arterial partial pressure of oxygen difference (A-aDO 2), oxygenation index (OI) and respiratory index (RI) were calculated.Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay.ICU stay time and incidence of pulmonary complications within 7 days after operation were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, PaO 2 and OI were significantly increased, RI and A-aDO 2 were decreased, SP-D and IL-6 concentrations in serum were decreased at 60 min after tourniquet deflation, and ICU stay time was shortened ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the incidence of pulmonary complications within 7 days after surgery in group H ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Hydrogen can reduce the lung injury induced by extremity I/R, and the mechanism may be related to the reduction of inflammatory response in elderly patients.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in sevoflurane-induced improvement in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) in mice.Methods:A total of 136 adult male mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=34 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group Sham), SAE group, SAE+ sevoflurane group (group SAE+ Sevo) and SAE+ sevoflurane+ HO-1 inhibitor Zn Protoporphyrin Ⅸ (ZnPPⅨ) group (group SAE+ Sevo+ ZnPPⅨ). The model of SAE was established by cecal ligation and puncture (SAE) in anesthetized mice.In SAE+ Sevo and SAE+ Sevo+ ZnPPⅨ groups, 2% sevoflurane-33% oxygen was inhaled for 2 h starting from the time point immediately after establishment of the model, while 33% oxygen was inhaled for 2 h in Sham and SAE groups.ZnPPⅨ 25 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 30 min before the model was established in group SAE+ Sevo+ ZnPPⅨ.Six mice were sacrificed at 6, 12 and 24 h after establishment of the model for determination of levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and HO-1 in cortical tissues (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and the expression of HO-1 (by Western blot). Another 6 mice were sacrificed for determination of apoptosis in cortical tissue (by TUNEL staining), and apoptotic index (AI) was calcultated.Ten mice in each group were selected, Y maze test was performed at 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after establishment of the model, and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was calculated. Results:Compared with Sham group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1, AI, HO-1 activity and its expression level in cortex were significantly increased, and the percentage of spontaneous alternation was decreased in SAE, SAE+ Sevo and SAE+ Sevo+ ZnPPⅨ groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group SAE, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 and AI were significantly decreased, and HO-1 activity and its expression level and the percentage of spontaneous alternation were increased in group SAE+ Sevo, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 in cortex were decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the other parameters in group SAE+ Sevo+ ZnPPⅨ ( P>0.05). Compared with group SAE+ Sevo, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 and AI were significantly increased, and HO-1 activity and its expression level and the percentage of spontaneous alternation were decreased in group SAE+ Sevo+ ZnPPⅨ ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mechanism by which sevoflurane improves SAE is related to increasing HO-1 activity and reducing inflammatory response in cortical tissues of mice.
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Objective:To evaluate the effects of vitamin K 2 on sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged mice. Methods:A total of 72 SPF healthy female C57BL/6J mice, aged 12 months, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=18 each) using a random number table method: control+ corn oil group (group Con+ Oil), sevoflurane+ corn oil group (group Sevo+ Oil), control+ vitamin K 2 group (group Con+ K 2) and sevoflurane+ vitamin K 2 group (group Sevo+ K 2). The mice in Sevo+ Oil and Sevo+ K 2 groups were anesthetized with 2.5% sevoflurane+ 33% oxygen for 2 h. The mice in Con+ Oil and Con+ K 2 groups were treated with 33% oxygen only.The animals in Con+ Oil and Sevo+ Oil groups were intraperitoneally injected with corn oil 100 μl at 30 min before oxygen or sevoflurane inhalation.Vitamin K 2 (dissolved in corn oil, concentration 1 mg/ml) 100 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally in Con+ K 2 and Sevo+ K 2 groups.At 24 h after sevoflurane inhalation, 8 mice from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed, and the hippocampal tissues were removed for determination of activity of ATPase, contents of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and the expression of AT8 and PHF1 (by Western blot). The remaining 10 mice in each group received standardized feeding, and the cognitive function was assessed using Y-maze at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after sevoflurane inhalation. Results:Compared with group Con+ Oil, the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased, expression of AT8 and PHF1 were up-regulated, activity of ATPase was decreased, and spontaneous alternation percentage was decreased at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after sevoflurane inhalation in group Sevo+ Oil ( P<0.05). Compared with group Sevo+ Oil, the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased, expression of AT8 and PHF1 were down-regulated, activity of ATPase was increased, and spontaneous alternation percentage was increased at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days in group Sevo+ K 2 ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the above indicators between group Con+ K 2 and group Sevo+ K 2 ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Vitamin K 2 can improve sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged mice, the mechanism is related to increasing activity of ATPase and inhibiting the up-regulation of AT8 and PHF1 expression in hippocampus.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydrogen on the immunosuppressive status of septic rats.Methods:SPF healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7-8 weeks, weighing 220-260 g, were studied.This study was performed in two parts.Part Ⅰ The rats were divided into 2 groups: sepsis group (Sep group, n=36) and sham operation group (Sham group, n=12). The model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation puncture in anesthetized rats.The histocompatibility DR antigen (HLA-DR)/CD14 + monocyte level in peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry immediately after CLP and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after CLP.The establishment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression model was considered successful when the levels of HLA-DR/CD14 + monocyte in peripheral blood were <30%.Part Ⅱ Twelve rats with sepsis-induced immunosuppression were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups ( n=6 each) by a random number table method: sepsis immunosuppression group (Sep-IS group), sepsis immunosuppression plus hydrogen treatment group (Sep-IS+ H group). Another 12 rats were selected and divided into 2 groups ( n=6 each) by a random number table method: sham operation group (Sham group) and sham operation plus hydrogen group (Sham+ H group). In Sep-IS+ H group, 67% hydrogen was inhaled for 1 h starting from the time point immediately after successful establishment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression and from 6 h after establishment, and 67% hydrogen was inhaled for 1 h at the corresponding time points in Sham+ H group.The levels of helper T lymphocytes 17 (Th17 cells), regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg cells) and HLA-DR/CD14 + monocyte in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry immediately after the end of hydrogen inhalation mentioned above (T 0, T 1) and at 12 h after establishing the model (T 2). Results:Part Ⅰ Compared with Sham group, the levels of HLA-DR/CD14 + monocyte in peripheral blood were significantly decreased at 1-4 days after CLP in Sep group ( P<0.05). Part Ⅱ Compared with Sham group, the level of HLA-DR/CD14 + monocytes in peripheral blood was significantly decreased, and the levels of Treg and Th17 cells were increased at each time point in Sep-IS and Sep-IS+ H groups ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in Sham+ H group ( P>0.05). Compared with Sep-IS group, the level of HLA-DR/CD14 + monocytes in peripheral blood was significantly increased at T 1, 2, the levels of Th17 cells were increased at T 2, and the levels of Treg cells were decreased at T 1, 2 in Sep-IS+ H group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Hydrogen can improve the immunosuppressive state of septic rats.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of hemopexin (HPX) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods:One hundred and twenty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7-8 weeks, weighing 250-280 g, were divided into sham operation group (S group, n=36), cerebral I/R group (I/R group, n=36), vehicle group (V group, n=24), and HPX group ( n=24). The model of cerebral I/R injury was established by 120 min middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion in anesthetized rats.At 6, 12 and 24 h of reperfusion, 4 rats in S group and I/R group were sacrificed, and the ischemic penumbra of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex was obtained to detect the expression of HPX by Western blot.In I/R, V and HPX groups, 0.9% normal saline 10 μl, 0.1% NaN 3 10 μl, and 1.86 mg/ml HPX 10 μl were injected into the lateral ventricle, respectively, immediately after reperfusion.Eight rats in each group were selected, and neurological deficit was scored at 1-7 days of reperfusion.Eight rats in each group were sacrificed at 1 and 7 days of reperfusion, brains were removed, and brain tissues were obtained for measurement of infarct size, and the percentage of infarct size was calculated. Results:Compared with S group, the expression of HPX in cerebral ischemic penumbra was significantly up-regulated at 24 h of reperfusion in I/R group, and the neurological deficit scores were significantly decreased at 1-7 days of reperfusion, and the percentage of cerebral infarct size was increased at 1 and 7 days of reperfusion in I/R, V and HPX groups ( P<0.05). Compared with I/R group, the neurological deficit scores were significantly increased at 1-7 days of reperfusion, and the percentage of cerebral infarct size was decreased at 1 and 7 days of reperfusion in HPX group ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the above indicators in V and I/R groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Up-regulation of HPX expression is the endogenous protective mechanism of cerebral I/R injury in rats.